Determination of Vanillin in Imitation Vanilla Essence
Chloe Nolan 14832679
Introduction
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde or as it is better known, vanillin is most commonly used to create imitation vanilla essence (Southam, 2013).
Figure 1: vanillin structure
Vanillin was first synthesised from eugenol from 1874 – 2001, from where it was later made from lignin- containing sulphite liquor which is a by-product of wood pulp processing in paper pulp manufacturing, most recently it is more common to find vanillin made from guaiacol and glyoxlic acid (3D chem, 2013). Vanillin is most commonly found in food flavour formulations, perfumes and fragrances and has been used in drugs used by those who suffer from Parkinson’s disease
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Experimental
Diluted essence (10ml, 100 times diluted) was pipetted into a 100ml separating funnel. 20ml of dichloromethane was added to the diluted essence. The funnel was then shaken vigorously for 2 minutes with gas being release occasionally. The organic phase (lower layer) was released into a 100ml beaker and another 20 ml of dichloromethane was added to the funnel and shaken vigorously for another 2 minutes. The organic phase (lower layer) was again released into the 100 ml beaker. The contents of the funnel were disposed of. The organic phase was then added back into the separating funnel with 40ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution and shaken well for 2 minutes. The organic phase was released and disposed of and the aqueous phase was kept and transferred to a 250ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up with 0.1M sodium hydroxide. Standards were then made using the 50mg/L standard provided and mixing with 0.1M sodium hydroxide to create standards with 1,2,3,4,5 mg/L concentrations. Each solution was run through the UV – Visible spectrometer to find the absorbance and then the concentration.
Results and Discussion [Vanillin] mg/L | Absorbance | 1.00 | 0.195 | 2.00 | 0.380 | 3.00 | 0.540 | 4.00 | 0.750 | 5.00 | 0.940 | Your vanilla essence extract | 0.430 | Solution for 100% extraction efficiency | 0.450 |
Table 2: UV-Visible Spectrometry Results
Figure
We know that that the end point of the titration is reached when, after drop after careful drop of NaOH, the solution in the flask retains its pale pink color while swirling for about 30
The protein molecules in many foods provide the amino acid building blocks required by our own cells to produce new proteins. To determine whether a sample contains protein, a reagent called Biuret solution is used. Biuret solution contains copper ions. However, the chemical state of the copper ions in Biuret solution causes them to form a chemical complex with the peptide bonds between amino acids (when present), changing the color of the solution. Biuret solution is normally blue, but changes to pink when short peptides are present and to violet when long polypeptides are present.
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The addition of hydrogen peroxide, , was to split the peroxide bond making free radicals to create the resonance of vanillin. See resonance below. Because of the free radicals which may create the other resonance structures by moving the electrons within vanillin. A combination of the resonance of vanillin will
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