A ciphertext has been generated with an affine cipher. The most frequent letter of the ciphertext is “F”, and the second most frequent letter of the ciphertext is “C”. Break this code by figuring out the key numbers.
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A ciphertext has been generated with an affine cipher. The most frequent letter of the ciphertext is “F”, and the second most frequent letter of the ciphertext is “C”. Break this code by figuring out the key numbers.
Hint: Based on the letter frequency, E is the most frequent letter and T is the second most frequent letter. Therefore, F should be the ciphertext of E and C should be the ciphertext of T.
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- Experiment 1: IMPLEMENTATION OF CAESAR CIPHER Objective: To implement the simple substitution technique named Caesar cipher using C+ language. Theory: To enerypt a message with a Caesar cipher, each letter in the message is changed using a simple rule: shift by three. Each letter of the message is shifted a fixed distance (3 for example) down the alphabet, A becomes D, B becomes E, and so on. For the last letters, we can think of alphabet as a circle and "wrap around", W becomes Z. X becomes A, Y becomes B, and Z becomes C. To change a message back, cach letter is replaced by the one three before it. Example ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ t t t t t t t t ttt t t t t t t tt t t t t t t ft DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW XY Z ABc) digorithm STEP-1: Read the plain text from the user. STEP-2: Read the key value from the user. STEP-3: If the key is positive then encrypt the text by adding the key with each character in the plain text. STEP-4: Else subtract the key from the plain text. STEP-5: Display the…a) Implement Playfair Cipher to get the ciphertext. Here, plaintext and key is given. Plaintext = "Fitness is the key", Key = "CRYPT".Example 2 Enter message to be encrypted: Dèyè mòn, gen mòn. Enter step size: -1 ORIGINAL MESSAGE Dèyè mòn, gen mòn. ENCRYPTED MESSAGE Cçxç lim, fdm lim. Enter message to be encrypted: Dèyè mòn, gen mòn. Enter step size: 0 ORIGINAL MESSAGE Dèyè mòn, gen mòn. ENCRYPTED MESSAGE Dèyè mòn, gen mòn. Enter message to be encrypted: QUIT Example 3 Enter message to be encrypted: Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tib: proderit olim. Enter step size: 8 ORIGINAL MESSAGE Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim. ENCRYPTED MESSAGE Xmznmz m| wjl)zi, lwtwz pąk |qją xzwlmzą| wtqu. Enter message to be encrypted: QUIT
- The Reflection algorithm can be used to encrypt a C-string (character array terminated with the null character) before it is transmitted over the Internet. The Reflection algorithm works as follows: Each letter in the message is converted to the letter in that is 13 positions to the right of that letter in the English alphabet. If the end of the alphabet is reached, counting continues from the first letter in the alphabet. The case of the letters must be maintained. For example,'M' →'Z', 'x' → 'k', 'A' → 'N'The numeric characters ('0' to '9') are shifted 5 positions to the right of that number in the character set '0' to '9'. If ‘9’ is reached, counting continues from ‘0’. For example,'0' → '5', '2' →'7', '8' → '3' All other characters are left as they are. a) What would the following string be encrypted to by the Reflection algorithm?“Call me at 662-2002 Ext 85393” b) Write a function, getPosition, which finds the position of a letter in the alphabet regardless of the case of the…This must be done using CORAL language. Primary U.S. interstate highways are numbered 1-99. Odd numbers (like the 5 or 95) go north/south, and evens (like the 10 or 90) go east/west. Auxiliary highways are numbered 100-999, and service the primary highway indicated by the rightmost two digits. Thus, the 405 services the 5, and the 290 services the 90. Given a highway number, indicate whether it is a primary or auxiliary highway. If auxiliary, indicate what primary highway it serves. Also indicate if the (primary) highway runs north/south or east/west. Ex: If the input is: 90 the output is: The 90 is primary, going east/west. Ex: If the input is: 290 the output is: The 290 is auxiliary, serving the 90, going east/west. Ex: If the input is: 0 or any number not between 1 and 999, the output is: 0 is not a valid interstate highway number.This is a substitution cypherEach letter is replaced by another letter with no repetitionIgnore spaces and punctuationYou must account for spaces (I ignored them, but there are other legitimate responses.)The best program will also account for punctuation and other symbols. (Ignoring them is fine.) Your program can ignore these special characters when they occur, but it should not crash if it encounters a strange character.Manage CapitalizationIn most cryptographic applications, all letters are converted to uppercase. Please follow this convention or deal with potential case conversion problems in another way.Use FunctionsYou may not make significant changes to the main function. Determine which functions are necessary and create them. (The blackbelt project does allow for one slight modification, noted below.) Do not turn in a program with only a main() function!! Write the code necessary for Python to run the main function as expectedPass data between functionsYour functions may…
- Print the distance covered by each car after each hour. After 10 hours, the car with highest distance covered shall win. You shall print the car model that won the race e.g. "BMW i8 Won the race". As you know, distance (km) = time (hrs) X speed (km/hr). So, you understand, the maximum distance a car can travel in 10 hours, based on above rules is 5000 km, how? say each time maximum number was generated for the race (10 X 500). To calculate total distance traveled by each car, add another attribute, odoMeter in AutomaticCar and initialize it to 0. After each hour, add the total distance traveled by the car in that round in odoMeter field.In cryptography, a Caesar cipher is a very simple encryption techniques in which each letter in the plain text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it to communicate with his generals. ROT-13 (“rotate by 13 places”) is a widely used example of a Caesar cipher where the shift is 13. In Python, the key for ROT-13 may be represented by means of the following dictionary: key = {‘a’:’n’, ‘b’:’o’, ‘c’:’p’, ‘d’:’q’, ‘e’:’r’, ‘f’:’s’, ‘g’:’t’, ‘h’:’u’,‘i’:’v’, ‘j’:’w’, ‘k’:’x’, ‘l’:’y’, ‘m’:’z’, ‘n’:’a’, ‘o’:’b’, ‘p’:’c’,‘q’:’d’, ‘r’:’e’, ‘s’:’f’, ‘t’:’g’, ‘u’:’h’, ‘v’:’i’, ‘w’:’j’, ‘x’:’k’,‘y’:’l’, ‘z’:’m’, ‘A’:’N’, ‘B’:’O’, ‘C’:’P’, ‘D’:’Q’, ‘E’:’R’, ‘F’:’S’,‘G’:’T’, ‘H’:’U’, ‘I’:’V’, ‘J’:’W’, ‘K’:’X’, ‘L’:’Y’, ‘M’:’Z’, ‘N’:’A’,‘O’:’B’, ‘P’:’C’, ‘Q’:’D’, ‘R’:’E’, ‘S’:’F’, ‘T’:’G’, ‘U’:’H’, ‘V’:’I’,‘W’:’J’, ‘X’:’K’,…3. A safe is locked by a combination of of four binary digits (that is, 0 or 1), but the owner has forgotten the combination. The safe is designed in such a way that no matter how many digits have been pressed, if the correct combination of three digits is pressed at any point, then the safe automatically opens (there is no "enter" key). Our goal is to find the minimum number of digits that one needs to key in in order to guarantee that the safe opens. In other words, we wish to find the smallest possible length of a binary sequence containing every four-digit sequence in it. (a) Create a digraph whose vertex set consists of three-digit binary sequences. From each vertex labelled ryz, there is one outgoing edge (labelled 0) leading to vertex yz0, and another outgoing edge (labelled 1) leading to vertex yz1l. (b) Explain why every edge represents a four digit sequence and why an Eulerian tour of this graph represents the desired sequence of keystrokes. (c) Find the minimum number of…
- Problem 1.Write computer programs for the Substitution Cipher based on Z29 which is corresponding to 26 alphabetic characters (0 - 25), space (26), and “, ” (27) “.”(28).The key is a random permutation π on Z29. Write down encryption and decryptionprograms. For the encryption, the plaintext and the key need to be input. To inputthe key, use the permutation of 0, 1, . . . , 28. The plaintext should be input as Englishletters. The out put will be the ciphertext which is also English letters. Select aparagraph of text which contains more than 25 words (I don’t think any two peoplewill choose a same paragraph if they choose independently) and encrypt it using yourencryption algorithm. Then use your decryption program to check the correctness.You can use Java. Record your plaintext, ciphertext and the key π in your answer sheet.In cryptography, a Caesar cipher is a very simple encryption techniques in which each letter in the plain text is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it to communicate with his generals. ROT-13 (“rotate by 13 places”) is a widely used example of a Caesar cipher where the shift is 13. In Python, the key for ROT-13 may be represented by means of the following dictionary: key = {‘a’:’n’, ‘b’:’o’, ‘c’:’p’, ‘d’:’q’, ‘e’:’r’, ‘f’:’s’, ‘g’:’t’, ‘h’:’u’,‘i’:’v’, ‘j’:’w’, ‘k’:’x’, ‘l’:’y’, ‘m’:’z’, ‘n’:’a’, ‘o’:’b’, ‘p’:’c’,‘q’:’d’, ‘r’:’e’, ‘s’:’f’, ‘t’:’g’, ‘u’:’h’, ‘v’:’i’, ‘w’:’j’, ‘x’:’k’,‘y’:’l’, ‘z’:’m’, ‘A’:’N’, ‘B’:’O’, ‘C’:’P’, ‘D’:’Q’, ‘E’:’R’, ‘F’:’S’,‘G’:’T’, ‘H’:’U’, ‘I’:’V’, ‘J’:’W’, ‘K’:’X’, ‘L’:’Y’, ‘M’:’Z’, ‘N’:’A’,‘O’:’B’, ‘P’:’C’, ‘Q’:’D’, ‘R’:’E’, ‘S’:’F’, ‘T’:’G’, ‘U’:’H’, ‘V’:’I’,‘W’:’J’, ‘X’:’K’,…An airline association assigns three-letter codes to represent airport locations. For example, the airport code for Clark, Pampanga, is CPP. Notice that repetition is allowed in forming this code. How many airport codes are possible?