An attorney signed a legal document electronically and sends it to the client. Explain how the client will make sure that the document is signed by his lawyer and is not altered during the transition. You also want to make the document confidential for unauthorized people. Everything should be done in one go. (Note: You have to explain the use of cryptographic algorithms in the above scenario and the order they will be applied. Marks are graded based on the best precise solution)

Q: to monitor his communications in the computer network (a) Bob first needs to establish a new key…

A: Dear Student, Bob could achieve this by encrypting the message and by providing the decryption key…

Q: Use the two prime numbers p = 5 and q =13 in the first step to give ONE integrated example to show…

A:

Q: About how many bits of entropy does a password consisting of the user's birth date (day and year)…

A: log2(RL) 1: r=26 l=8 =log2(268) =37.6035 2: r=52 as both cap and low letter and l=8 =log2(528)…

Q: Use a truth table to represent the following statement. Ensure that you explain the steps taken.…

A: Answer: I have given answered in the brief explanation

Q: Prior to the discovery of any specific public-key schemes, such as RSA, an existence proof was…

A: a.Finding value for the third matrix (M3):The matrix M3 elements can be attained using the below…

Q: Is the implementation of authentication in a position to be of assistance to us in the realization…

A: Authentication implemented: During the authentication process, the user or machine is required to…

Q: A. Simplified DES, which is a secure encryption algorithm developed by Professor Edward Schaefer, is…

A:

Q: How do you work out Ellen's vote using just the RSA public keys, which is  (N,e) =

A: To work out Ellen's vote using just the RSA public keys, one would need to factorize the modulus N.…

Q: Introductory: The Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest methods of encryption…

A: Given: The Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest methods of encryption…

Q: In cryptography, a Caesar cipher is one of the simplest known encryption techniques. In this method,…

A: Caesar cipher is an encryption technique which replaces the plain text alphabets with fixed number…

Q: Why do we limit the number of queries to Encryption or Decryption oracles in the security analysis…

A: Answer:- By doing so we present passive attacks against CKKS, the homomorphic encryption scheme for…

Q: ere a method that someone like Peter can use to avoid forgetting his or her password that is safe to…

A: Required: Is there a method that someone like Peter can use to avoid forgetting his or her password…

Q: Consider the RSA cryptosystem. If we take P=13 and Q=19 then: 1. What could be the possible value of…

A: Given: p=13 and q=19 n = p x q = 13 x 19 = 247 ϕ = (p-1) x (q-1)   = (13-1) x (19-1)   =  12 x 18ϕ =…

Q: Is it feasible to accomplish any of our goals with the aid of authentication? In this part, we'll…

A: Introduction: When determining if someone or anything is who or what they claim to be,…

Q: Use the two prime numbers p = 5 and q =13 in the first step to give ONE integrated example to show…

A: Here i take all 5 steps and find description and encryption. =======================================

Q: Question 1 Study the scenario and complete the question(s) that follow: Ceasar Cipher The Caesar…

A:

Q: Alice and Bob want to communicate confidentially. Hence, they agreed to use a Caesar cipher with…

A: The Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest method of encryption technique. It’s…

Q: Describe the flaw in this argument: Consider the following attack against one-time pad: upon…

A: According to the information given:- We have to describe the  one-time pad ciphertext.

Q: Question 3: Caesar Cipher we write the message and then shift the alphabet by some specified number…

A: The cryptanalysis is trying, again and again, to decrypt to message, there nothing stops the…

Q: The fact that asymmetric ciphers utilize operations that cannot be reversed contributes to the…

A: Asymmetric encryption,: What other forms of asymmetric operations are there that you can conceive…

Q: Suppose you have a computer that can check 240 keys/second. How long does it take to break a simple…

A: In Substitutuion Cipher length of key is 26! 26!=288  Exhaustive key search checks for all possible…

Q: Consider any “message” that needs to be secured and explain Principle of Authentication by using a…

A: Authentication is the process of validating the identity of the person or the process in the system…

Q: QUESTION 10 The idea of seeking one-way functions in public-key cryptography is to.. A. make…

A: EXPLANATION: The Public key encryption is similar to a mathematical operation. This is a one-way…

Q: Note that the RSA functions can be used both as a public-key cryptosystem and as a public-key…

A: RSA algorithm (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman): The RSA algorithm is the basis of a cryptosystem -- a suite…

Q: In the context of the ElGamal signature, the public key is (257, 76, x), where "x" is not known to…

A: Yes there a re-use of the ephemeral key  The ElGamal signature scheme allows that a verifier can…

Q: Are there references or prove to say that multiplying two points in the elliptic curve cryptography…

A: Adding points within an elliptic curve group will give another point to the curve and all multiples…

Q: We discussed in the lecture that using one-time pad, if the plaintext is made of 0’s, theciphertext…

A: The one-time pad is a cryptography technique which is said not to be cracked. The key used to…

Q: Let's say you generated RSA keys and you chose p=59, q=43, and the smallest encryption exponent that…

A: Solution:

Q: Use affine cipher to encrypt the message below. Show all your solutions. “NUMBER RULES THE…

A: The value of a and b will be taken 7 and 2, as I suppose it's not a group. Since, no programming…

Q: Suppose you were given a number of different ciphertexts and you are told that they are each…

A: In order to approach the problem of finding the most likelihood of cipher text. I will going to use…

Q: Use the RSA encryption and decryption on the following values: P=109, q=167 , e=113, M=88,

A: GIVEN question  Use the RSA encryption and decryption on the following values:   P=109, q=167 ,…

Q: Using the RSA public key cryptosystem, with a = 1, b = 2, etc., a. If p = 7 and q = 11, list five…

A: (a) n = p x q = 7 x 11 = 77          z = (p - 1) x (q - 1) = 6 x 10 = 60          d should be…

Q: Suppose you are working for a secret agency of Army and based on the secret information you are…

A: Encryption: To change the text or message in some other form of the text based on some key so that…

Q: With the use of appropriate diagrams, explain the two fundamentally different types of encryption

A: security is a technique to prevent unauthorised access in system. To keep data secret during…

Q: tradeoff

A: A space-time off or time-space off in software engineering is a situation where a calculation or…

Q: how the asymmetric encryption algorithm can be used to achieve the following goals with the use of…

A: In asymmetric encryption a pair of public and private key is used to encrypt and decrypt a message.…

Q: Use Additive Ciphers (which we call as shift or Caesar cipher too) to encrypt the following…

A: The fundamental principle of encryption is an additive cypher that augments the plaintext with a…

Q: that has 16891 employees. How many keys are necessary to allow any pair of employees to securely…

A: Ans- For using symmetric cipher algorithm total pairs of required will be- N(N-1)/2pairs where N is…

Q: (a) The ciphertext UUSN was encrypted by a Hill cipher with a 2 x 2 matrix. The plaintext is boot.…

A: Given : Cipher texts = UUSN , EULN Plain text = boot

Q: Can we accomplish anything with the help of authentication? As you can see, there are a number of…

A: Can we accomplish anything with the help of authentication? it can be posible with the help of…

Q: A cipher suite is a choice of algorithms for key exchange, authentication and encryption to be used…

A: Save time, costs and maximise site performance with: Instant help from WordPress hosting experts,…

Q: Alice sends a message to Bob, committing her to pay Bob a certain amount. Later, when Bob requests…

A: There are a few different ways which can help us in this situation:  Utilizing Digital Key can be a…

Q: Describe the steps of the Existential Forgery Attack against the RSA Digital Signature, as discussed…

A: Intro In a system, digital signature forgery is the ability to create a pair consisting of a…

Q: Show that decryption in a Feistel cipher can be done by applying the encryption algorithm to the…

A: Feistel Cipher is not a specific scheme of block cipher. It is a design model from which many…

Q: How long does it take on average to break monoaplabetic cipher using computer which can try 2…

A: Given: How long does it take on average to break mono-alphabetic cipher using computer which can try…

Q: Prove that decryption in a Feistel cipher can be done by applying the encryption algorithm to the…

A: Feistel Cipher is not a specific scheme of block cipher. It is a design model from which many…

Q: What is the standard notion of security that a public key encryption (PKE) scheme is expected to…

A: What is the standard notion of security that a public key encryption (PKE) scheme is expected to…

Q: Explain the difference between a secure cipher, a CPA-secure cipher, and a CCA-secure cipher. Under…

A: Difference:- CPA 'CPA' stands for 'Chosen Plaintext Attack.' It means that the attacker can get the…

Q: In a public key cryptosystem using RSA algorithm, user uses two prime numbers 5 and 7. He chooses 11…

A: Please refer to the following step for the complete solution of the problem above.