Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and Cargill are the biggest makers of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), used to sweeten Coke, Pepsi, and other non-diet soft drinks. Each firm is currently choosing between increasing or decreasing their price for HFCS. The table below gives each firm's profits in each possible situation. A is Archer Daniels Midland and C is Cargill. For purposes of this question, ignore the existence of other HFCS makers. Cargill Pincrease P decrease P increase A: $500 million A: $200 million C: $400 million C: $500 million ADM P decrease A: $600 million A: $350 million C: $200 million C: $300 million a. Assuming the two firms do not cooperate, does either have a dominant strategy? If so, what is it? b. If ADM and Cargill decide to cooperate, how, if at all, will the outcome differ from part a? Would this case be an example of a repeated or a ponreneated game?
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- The opioid epidemic causing a staggering number of deaths each year in the United States is largely caused by two drugs: heroin and fentanyl. Much of the heroin is supplied by several major organized Mexican cartels while the much stronger fentanyl is mostly produced in hundreds of labs (big and small) in China. The market structure for heroin can be considered as an oligopoly that operates as a monopoly. On the other hand, the fentanyl industry is less organized in terms of cartel organization and therefore more competitive. How do the differences in the organization of both industries explain why deaths from fentanyl have skyrocketed in recent years? The organized heroin cartel A.does not have barriers to market entry. The more competitive fentanyl industry has substantial barriers to entry, making fentanyl a more available drug. B.has the ability to control quantity and raise the prices. The more competitive fentanyl industry makes more of the drug available at a lower…Two ready-to-eat breakfast cereal manufacturers, Lots of Sugar and Buckets of Goo, face combined demand for their products given by Q = 75 - P. Their total costs are given by TCLots of Sugar = 0.1Q2Lots of Sugar and TCBuckets of Goo = 5QBuckets of Goo. If they successfully collude, their total profits will be: a. $62.50 b. $1,250.00 c. $125.00 d. $287.50 e. $1,287.50Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the leading competitors in the market for cola products. In 1960 Coca-Cola introduced Sprite, which today is among the worldwide leaders in the lemon-lime soft drink market and ranks in the top 10 among all soft drinks worldwide. Prior to 1999, PepsiCo did not have a product that competed directly against Sprite and had to decide whether to introduce such a soft drink. By not introducing a lemon-lime soft drink, PepsiCo would continue to earn a $200 million profit, and Coca-Cola would continue to earn a $300 million profit. Suppose that by introducing a new lemon-lime soft drink, one of two possible strategies could be pursued: (1) PepsiCo could trigger a price war with Coca-Cola in both the lemon-lime and cola markets or (2) Coca-Cola could acquiesce and each firm maintain its current 50/50 split of the cola market and split the lemon-lime market 30/70 (PepsiCo/Coca-Cola). If PepsiCo introduced a lemon-lime soft drink and a price war resulted, both companies…
- Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the leading competitors in the market for cola products. In 1960 Coca-Cola introduced Sprite, which today is among the worldwide leaders in the lemon-lime soft drink market and ranks in the top 10 among all soft drinks worldwide. Prior to 1999, PepsiCo did not have a product that competed directly against Sprite and had to decide whether to introduce such a soft drink. By not introducing a lemon-lime soft drink, PepsiCo would continue to earn a $200 million profit, and Coca-Cola would continue to earn a $300 million profit. Suppose that by introducing a new lemon-lime soft drink, one of two possible strategies could be pursued: - PepsiCo could trigger a price war with Coca-Cola in both the lemon-lime and cola markets - Coca-Cola could acquiesce and each firm maintains its current 50/50 split of the cola market and split the lemon-lime market 30/70 (PepsiCo/Coca-Cola). - If PepsiCo introduced a lemon-lime soft drink and a price war resulted, both companies…Consider the market for cola soft drinks where Pepsi and Coke are dominating this market with well above 90% markets share combined. Under what market structure do Pepsi and Coke operate? What microeconomic model can best describe the behavior of Pepsi and Coke? Explain the main theme of this model. Given the obvious market share of both Pepsi and Coke, on what grounds would you justify the multibillion-dollar annual advertising spending by those two companies?In January 2007, XM enjoyed about 58 percent of satellite radio subscribers, and Sirius had the remaining 42 percent. Both firms were suffering losses, despite their dominance in the satellite radio market. In 2008, the DOJ decided not to challenge a merger, and these two firms united to become Sirius XM. If you were an economic consultant for Sirius, what economic arguments would you have presented to the DOJ to persuade it not to challenge the merger? Explain
- Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the leading competitors in the market for cola products. In 1960 Coca-Cola introduced Sprite, which today is the worldwide leader in the lemon-lime soft drink market and ranks fourth among all soft drinks worldwide. Prior to 1999, PepsiCo did not have a product that competed directly against Sprite and had to decide whether to introduce such a soft drink. By not introducing a lemon-lime drink, PepsiCo would continue to earn a $200 million profit and Coca-Cola would continue to earn a $300 million profit. Suppose that by introducing a new lemon-lime soft drink, one of two possible strategies could be pursued: (1) PepsiCo could trigger a price war with Coca-Cola in both lemon-lime and cola markets or (2) Coca-Cola could acquiesce and each firm maintains its current 50/50 split of the cola market and split the lemon-lime market 70/30 in favor of Coca-Cola. If Pepsi introduced a lemon-lime drink and a price war resulted, both companies would earn profits of $100…Question 25 Consider two cigarette companies, PM Inc. and Brown Inc. If neither company advertises, the two companies split the market and earn $60 million each. If they both advertise, they again split the market, but profits are lower by $20 million since each company must bear the cost of advertising. Yet, if one company advertises while the other does not, the one that advertises attracts customers from the other. In this case, the company that advertises earns $70 million while the company that does not advertise earns only $30 million. What will these two companies do if they behave as individual profit maximizers? Both companies will advertise. Brown Inc. earns $40. Neither company will advertise. Brown Inc. earns $60. Both companies will advertise. PM Inc. earns $60. One company will advertise, and the other will not. Brown Inc. earns $70.Problem 1. HHI in the Bertrand Triopoly Equilibrium It's a Bertrand Triopoly - hence we know there are 3 firms in the industry-in-question, who competes in "price". The inverse demand functions for Firm 1, 2, and 3 are as follows: q1 = 40 - 1.5p1 +0.5p2 +p3 q2 = 40 + 1.5p1 - 3p2+p3 q3 = 40 + 2p1 + 1.5p2 - 4p3 For each firm, the marginal cost of production is $2.50/unit produced and sold. Apparently, the firms' products are differentiated. You cannot impose symmetry across firms. Therefore, please solve each firm's profit maximization problem, impose equilibrium, and solve for each firm's "action" in equilibrium. After that, please calculate the Herfindahl- Hirschman Index (HHI) in the industry in equilibrium.
- At a time when demand for ready-to-eat cereal was stagnant, a spokesperson for the cereal maker Kellogg's was quoted as saying, for the past several years, our individual company growth has come out of the other fellow's hide." Kellogg's has been producing cereal since 1906 and continues to implement strategies that make it a leader in the cereal industry. Suppose that when Kellogg's and its largest rival advertise, each company earns $1 billion in profits. When neither company advertises, each company earns profits of $9 billion. If one company advertises and the other does not, the company that advertises earns $49 billion and the company that does not advertise loses $4 billion. For what range of interest rates could these firms use trigger strategies to support the collusive level of advertising? Instruction: Enter your response as a percentage rounded to the nearest whole number. percent2. Walmart (firm 1) and Amazon (firm 2) are a duopoly in the grocery market. They are faced with an inverse demand of P(Q1,Q2) = 16– 2(Q1+Q2) and total costs of TC(Q.) = 20?, i = 1,2. Note that the marginal cost is not constant! 1. Obtain the Cournot equilibrium quantities and profits. 2. Obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium in which Walmart moves first. Compare with the Cournot equilibrium. 3. Obtain the cartel outcome (- shared monopoly). Compare with Stackelberg and Cournot.Assume that two firms, Wilson and Spalding, can manufacture basketballs for the entire Norfolk market, and that the market is oligopolistic in structure. Market Demand: Q-120-P Total Costs: TC-200 Q the quantity of basketballs P the price of a basketball in $ US TC the total cost of producing a given quantity of basketballs (in $ US) Show all of your work in solving the problems below. 1) The Cournot Model: Now assume that the two firms are Cournot competitors, and that all the assumptions of the Cournot model are met: no firm entry, homogeneous goods, a single period, and that the firms choose the quantities of basketballs to supply. Now, how many basketballs will be sold by each firm and at what price? What will be the total revenues, total costs, and the profits for each of the two firms? Demonstrate the model using graphs. (See Figs. 9-3 to 9-10) 2) The Stackelberg Model: Assume that the two firms are Stackelberg competitors, and that Wilson is the Stackelberg leader and Spalding…