A. Provide a reasonable mechanism for the production of geranyl pyrophosphate from IPP and DMAPP B. How many molecules of IPP and how many molecules of DMAPP would you need to make farnesyl pyrophosphate
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A. Provide a reasonable mechanism for the production of geranyl pyrophosphate from IPP and
DMAPP
B. How many molecules of IPP and how many molecules of DMAPP would you need to make
farnesyl pyrophosphate
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps
- A. Draw the structure of pyruvate at plI 7. B.Explain why pyruvate is considered anα-ketoacid. C.A. Elastase is activated by trypsinB. Trypsinisactivatedbyelastase Which statement is correct? Proteolytic activation of chymotrypsin from chymotrypsinogen requires cleavage of four peptide bonds. Assume that any proteases can convert 100 substrates to 100 products. Activation of one enteropeptidase can eventually lead to formation of how many chymotrypsin proteins?а) Describe the degradation of glycogen, highlighting important enzymes which are involved. In McArdle's discase, a type of glycogen storage disease, there is a total deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase. An individual with such disease is not able to exercise strenuously and experiences muscle cramps. Exercise leads to higher than normal levels of cellular ADP and Pi. Besides, lactic acid does not accumulate, as in the case of a normal individual. Explain b) the chemical imbalances shown in McArdle's discase.
- B. Consider the following types of cells and their respective conditions: i. a liver cell with non-functional malate-aspartate shuttle* ii. a skeletal muscle cell lacking oxygen iii. a cell with ATP synthase deficiency* * Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (which will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis b. ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) c. ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) d. Total net ATP.Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate con- centration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP, calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate AG for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions. The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration: [ATP] + 1/2[ADP] [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]Briefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol -phosphate shuttle based upon their transport of reducing equivalents and their potential for ATP synthesis.
- Briefly describe the different steps of Hexose monophosphate shunt?Explain why catalase activity is lower at: i. Low temperature ii. High temperature. Because of the position of arsenic in the periodic table, arsenate (AsO}-) is chemically similar to inorganic phosphate and is used by phosphate-requiring enzymes as an alternative substrate. However, organic arsenates are quite unstable and spontaneously hydrolyze. Arsenate is known to inhibit ATP production in glycolysis. Identify the target enzyme, and explain the mechanism of inhibition.
- Explain how genetic mutations of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase causing superactivity lead to excessive uric acid production.is this stement false? Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: Fructose-6-phosphate (1.0 mM)Fructose-(1-6)-bisphosphate (10.0 mM)AMP (0.1 mM)ADP (0.5 mM)ATP (5.0 mM)Pi (10.0 mM)Under the above conditions the Phosphofructokinase reaction in muscle is more exergonic than under standard conditions.Describe roles of each non-essential amino acid: ala, asp, asn, glu, gln, arg, gly, ser. Describe roles of each essential amino acid: cys, met, phe, tyr, try, and BCAAs. Describe the importance of one carbon metabolism and homocysteine. Describe the best indicator(s) of protein status. What is the purpose of an SGA? Give examples of physical signs of protein deficiencies. Simple to the point answers please!