Assume that the extracellular hydrophilic signal is acetylcholine. Describe the events that will take place when this signal binds to the receptor protein. What will happen inside of the cell? What events in the G- protein signal reception will take place?
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- Second-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)Arrange following the boxed information in sequence regarding the dissociation and reassociation of G proteins following the activation of a G protein coupled receptor. GTP-bound Ga, dissociates from B and y cuhunits Gas exchanges GTP for GDP Gas reassociates with By subunits and the rorentor reforms Binding of the ligand to a G-protein rounled recentor GTP-bound Gas binds and activates adenvlul rurlase GTP is hydrolyzed and GDP bound Gas suhunit dissoriates Conformational change Increased synthesis of CAMP from ATPLigand binding of a (????) causes conformational changes in the receptor that free the associated G-protein to interact with other membrane proteins Voltage gated ion channel GPCR Ligand gated ion channel Ligandase pore
- Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium. They have an important role in vascular homeostasis. Endothelin activates G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ETA or ETB on a target cell. Which subunit of heterotrimeric G protein is released when the receptor is activated? a.) gamme b.) beta c.) alphaThe Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below: A. Knowing the amino acid sequence of this protein, what tool would you use to identify the membrane-spanning region? Explain how it works.Endocrine Ligand acting on intracellular receptor should be: O Hydrophilic O Hydrophobic O Amphipathic O Macromolecule What kinds of molecules may pass through
- b) Complete the following flow chart| (a membrane phospholipid)_ Hydrolysed by phospholipase C, to produce Remains associated with plasma membrane a small polar molecule released to cytosol, diffuses to the iv. and causes the release of v. by binding to receptors that are ligand-gated channels. Activates other proteins Activates vi which then phosphorylates other intracellular targets. form complex with vii.AMPK and mTOR can both be considered intracellular signal integrators. Explain this definition.When you think about the primary structure of the mannose-6-P receptor, assuming that it is an integral membrane protein with one membrane-spanning domain and assuming that it has a ERSS, what are all of the different protein domains that must be present in this protein's primary structure to get it to where it needs to go and to carry out all of the functions/activities? (Draw a schematic of the protein structure/sequence and explain each region). What do you think would happen to a soluble protein that normally contains a KDEL tag (ER retrieval) if the tag was cleaved off (where would the protein end up)?
- Ligand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations. One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?Item21 Item 21 Neurons have a _______ membrane potential of –70mV. In other words, this is their stable membrane potential under normal conditions. Fill in the blank Fill in the blank Item22 Item 22 When a skin wound is healing, cell contact on all sides is a strong stimulus for cell division. Group startsTrue or False Item23 Item 23 Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)? Multiple Choice Ligand binds to receptor, G protein activated, effector protein activated, second messenger made available Ligand binds to receptor, second messenger activated, G protein turned on, protein kinase activated Protein kinase activated, ion channel opened, ions enter and activate second messenger, G protein turned on Ion channel opened, G protein activated, second messenger synthesized, phosphatase ends signalSignal Molecule- Somatostatin Receptor Name- Somatostatin receptor type 2 Draw the structure of the signal molecule (for peptides just sketch key motifs the best you can; i.e. alpha helices and beta sheets) discuss (100 words) the key features of the signaling cascade produced by reception of the signal molecule. along w/ 2-3 bullet points highlighting areas critical to signal amplification as well as basic mechanisms of signal termination. Cite one article